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Brief Contents
Contents ix
Preface xix
1
Introducing
Biological Psychology 2
2
The Anatomy
and Evolution of the Nervous System
26
3
Cells of the
Nervous System 60
4
Psychopharmacology 94
5
Genetics and
the Development of the Human Brain
124
6
Vision 154
7
Nonvisual
Sensation and Perception 188
8
Movement 224
9
Temperature
Regulation, Thirst, and Hunger 254
10
Sexual
Behavior 284
11
Sleep and
Waking 312
12
Learning and
Memory 340
13
Lateralization, Language, and Intelligence 374
14
Emotion,
Reward, Aggression, and Stress 402
15
Neurological
Disorders 430
16
Psychological Disorders 456
References R-1
Name
Index I-1
Subject Index I-10
Chapter-by Chapter Contents
ix
Preface xix
1
Introducing Biological
Psychology 2
Biological Psychology as an Interdisciplinary Field 3
Historical Highlights in Biological Psychology 3
INTERIM SUMMARY 1.1
7
Research Methods in Biological Psychology 8
Histology 8
Autopsy 9
Imaging 9
NEW DIRECTIONS
Will Imaging Technologies Allow Us to “Read” People’s
Minds? 12
Recording 1
Brain Stimulation 15
Lesion 16
Biochemical Methods 17
WHY DOES
THIS MATTER? Nature versus Nurture
18
Genetic Methods 18
Stem Cells 19
INTERIM SUMMARY 1.2
20
Research Ethics 21
Human Participants Guidelines 22
WHY DOES THIS
MATTER? The Death of Jesse Gelsinger
22
Animal Subjects Guidelines 23
Emerging Issues in Research Ethics 23
INTERIM
SUMMARY 1.3 25
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 25
2
The Anatomy and Evolution of the
Nervous System 26
Anatomical Directions and Planes of Section 27
Protecting and Supplying the Nervous System 29
Meninges 29
Cerebrospinal Fluid 30
Blood Supply 31
INTERIM
SUMMARY 2.1 32
The Central Nervous System 33
The Spinal Cord 33
The Hindbrain 35
The Midbrain 37
The Forebrain 38
INTERIM SUMMARY 2.2
46
The Peripheral Nervous System 47
The Cranial Nerves 47
The Spinal Nerves 48
The Autonomic Nervous System 49
INTERIM
SUMMARY 2.3 52
Evolution of the Human Brain and Nervous System 53
Natural Selection and Evolution 53
WHY DOES THIS
MATTER? Is Evolution Still Shaping Human Beings?
53
Evolution of the Nervous System 54
WHY DOES THIS
MATTER? Do Animals Have Minds?
55
Evolution of the Human Brain 55
INTERIM SUMMARY
2.4 57
NEW DIRECTIONS
Neuroscientists Search for Self-Awareness in the Brain
58
Chapter Review • Thought Questions 58
Key Terms 59
3
Cells of the Nervous
System 60
Neurons and Glia 61
The Structure of Neurons 61
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? The Connection Between
Neurofibrillary
Tangles and Amyloid in Alzheimer’s Disease
64
Structural Variations in Neurons 68
Functional Variations in Neurons 68
Glia 68
INTERIM SUMMARY 3.1 72
The Generation of the Action Potential 73
The Ionic Composition of the Intracellular and
Extracellular Fluids 73
The Movement of Ions 74
The Resting Potential 76
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Lethal Injection
76
The Action Potential 77
The Propagation of the Action Potential 79
INTERIM SUMMARY 3.2 81
The Synapse 82
Electrical Synapses 83
Chemical Synapses 84
NEW DIRECTIONS Tetanus and the Lack of Inhibition 90
Neuromodulation 91
INTERIM SUMMARY 3.3 92
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 93
4
Psychopharmacology 94
Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and
Neurohormones 95
Identifying Neurotransmitters 95
Types of Neurotransmitters 96
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Genes and Addiction to Nicotine 98
INTERIM SUMMARY 4.1 103
Drug Actions at the Synapse 105
Agonists and Antagonists 105
Neurotransmitter Production 105
Neurotransmitter Storage 105
Neurotransmitter Release 105
Receptor Effects 106
Reuptake Effects and Enzymatic Degradation 107
Basic Principles of Drug Effects 108
Administration of Drugs 108
Individual Differences in Response 109
Placebo Effects 109
Tolerance and Withdrawal 110
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? The Hazards of Designer Drugs
111
Addiction 111
NEW DIRECTIONS Dopamine Agonists,
Parkinson’s Disease, and Addictive Behaviors 112
INTERIM SUMMARY 4.2 113
Effects of Psychoactive Drugs 113
Stimulants 113
Opiates 116
Marijuana 117
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Medical Marijuana
119
Other Hallucinogens 120
Alcohol 121
St. John’s Wort 121
INTERIM SUMMARY 4.3 122
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 123
5
Genetics and the Development of
the Human
Brain 124
Genetics and Behavior 125
From Genes to Proteins 126
Sources of Genetic Diversity 126
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? A Growing Need for Genetics
Counselors
129
The Roles of Heredity and Environment 130
INTERIM SUMMARY 5.1 132
Development 133
Growth and Differentiation of the Nervous System 133
Effect of Experience on Development 141
Disorders of Brain Development 145
Redevelopment in Response to Damage 147
The Adult Nervous System 148
NEW DIRECTIONS Can We Stop the Aging Process? 149
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Treating Alzheimer’s Disease 151
INTERIM SUMMARY 5.2 152
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 153
6
Vision 154
Characteristics of Light 155
The Advantages of Light as a Stimulus 155
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 156
Absorption, Reflection, and Refraction 156
INTERIM SUMMARY 6.1 157
The Structures and Functions of the Visual System
158
Protecting the Eye 158
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Why Do We Cry?
158
The Anatomy of the Eye 159
The Layered Organization of the Retina 161
Photoreceptors 162
Differences Between Rods and Cones 164
Processing by Retinal Interneurons 165
Optic Nerve Connections 169
The Striate Cortex 171
Visual Analysis Beyond the Striate Cortex 173
INTERIM SUMMARY 6.2 175
Visual Perception 176
Hierarchies 176
Spatial Frequencies 177
The Perception of Depth 178
Coding Color 179
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Why Girls Like Pink 181
The Development of the Visual System 182
Disorders of the Visual System 183
Amblyopia 183
Cataracts 183
Visual Acuity Problems 184
Blindness 184
Visual Agnosias 185
INTERIM SUMMARY 6.3 185
NEW DIRECTIONS The Effect of Culture on Perception
186
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 187
7
Nonvisual Sensation and
Perception 188
Audition 189
Sound as a Physical Stimulus 189
The Structure and Function of the Auditory System 192
Auditory Perception 198
Hearing Disorders 200
INTERIM SUMMARY 7.1 201
The Body Senses 202
The Vestibular System 202
Touch 204
Temperature 211
Pain 212
INTERIM SUMMARY 7.2 215
The Chemical Senses 216
Olfaction 216
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Subliminal Smells and Likeability
217
Taste 219
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? The Pros and Cons of Being a
Supertaster 221
NEW DIRECTIONS Yellow Smoky Voices and Sounds
Like Briny Pickles 222
INTERIM SUMMARY 7.3 222
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 223
8
Movement 224
Muscles 225
Types of Muscle 225
Muscle Anatomy and Contraction 225
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Why Do Muscles Get Tired?
228
The Effects of Exercise on Muscle 229
The Effects of Aging on Muscles 230
Sex Differences in Musculature 230
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Why Women Win the Prize for
Strongest Human Muscle
231
The Interaction of Muscles at a Joint 231
Neural Control of Muscles 232
Alpha Motor Neurons 232
The Motor Unit 232
The Control of Muscle Contractions 232
The Control of Spinal Motor Neurons 233
INTERIM SUMMARY 8.1 235
Reflex Control of Movement 236
Monosynaptic Reflexes 236
Polysynaptic Reflexes 236
Reflexes over the Life Span 237
Motor Systems of the Brain 238
Spinal Motor Pathways 238
The Cerebellum 240
The Basal Ganglia 240
The Motor Cortex 240
INTERIM SUMMARY 8.2 244
Disorders of Movement 245
Toxins 245
Myasthenia Gravis 245
Muscular Dystrophy 246
Polio 246
Accidental Spinal Cord Damage 246
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) 247
Parkinson’s Disease 248
Huntington’s Disease 250
NEW DIRECTIONS How Much Stronger and Faster Can We Get?
251
INTERIM SUMMARY 8.3 252
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 253
9
Temperature Regulation,
Thirst, and Hunger 254
Homeostasis 256
Regulation of Body Temperature 256
Adaptations to Temperature 257
Behavioral Responses to Heat and Cold 258
Endothermic Responses to Heat and Cold 258
Deviations in Human Core Temperature 259
Brain Mechanisms for Temperature Regulation 260
Temperature Regulation in Infancy 261
INTERIM SUMMARY 9.1 262
Thirst: Regulation of the Body’s Fluid 262
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids 262
Osmosis Causes Water to Move 263
The Role of the Kidneys 263
The Sensation of Thirst 264
Mechanisms of Osmotic Thirst 265
Mechanisms of Hypovolemic Thirst 266
Hormones, Sodium, and Thirst 266
The Initiation of Drinking 268
Cessation of Drinking 268
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? When Too Much Fluid Is Not a Good
Thing 269
Thirst and Sports Drinks 269
INTERIM SUMMARY 9.2 270
Hunger: Regulation of the Body’s Nutrients 270
The Influence of Culture on Food Choices 270
The Process of Digestion 271
The Pancreatic Hormones 272
The Initiation of Eating 273
Satiety 276
Obesity and Eating Disorders 278
Defining Normal Weight 278
Obesity 279
NEW DIRECTIONS Should Obesity Be Considered a Brain
Disorder?
279
Anorexia Nervosa 280
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Does Dieting Work?
281
Bulimia Nervosa 281
Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia 281
Treatments for Eating Disorders 282
INTERIM SUMMARY 9.3 282
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 283
10
Sexual Behavior 284
Sexual Development 285
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities 286
Three Stages of Prenatal Development 288
Development at Puberty 291
INTERIM SUMMARY 10.1 293
Hormones and Sexual Behavior 294
Regulation of Sex Hormones by the Hypothalamus and
Pituitary Gland 294
The Menstrual Cycle and Female Fertility 294
Sex Hormones and Female Behavior 297
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? The Controversy
Over Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities
298
Sex Hormones and Male Behavior 299
Anabolic Steroids 300
Sex Differences in the Nervous System 300
Sexual Orientation 303
Hormones, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Orientation 303
Brain Structure and Sexual Orientation 304
Genes and Sexual Orientation 305
INTERIM SUMMARY 10.2 305
Attraction 306
The Importance of Symmetry 306
The Beauty of Fertility and a Good Immune System 306
WHY DOES THIS
MATTER? Assortative Mating 307
Romantic Love, Sexual Desire, and Parenting 308
NEW DIRECTIONS Men, Women, and the Hook-Up 310
Sexual Dysfunction and Treatment 310
INTERIM SUMMARY 10.3 311
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 311
11
Sleep and Waking 312
Circadian Rhythms 313
Variations in Sleep Patterns 314
Shift Work, Jet Lag, and Daylight Saving Time 314
Internal Clocks 315
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Daytime Sleepiness
316
The Cellular Basis of Circadian Rhythms 317
Biochemistry and Circadian Rhythms 318
NEW DIRECTIONS Light Pollution
319
Seasonal Affective Disorder 319
Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep 320
Wakefulness 321
Brain Activity During Sleep 321
Sleep Throughout the Life Span 323
Dreaming During REM and NREM 324
INTERIM SUMMARY 11.1 326
The Functions of Sleep 327
Sleep Keeps Us Safe 327
Sleep Restores Our Bodies 327
Sleep Helps Us Remember 328
Benefits of NREM Sleep 328
Benefits of REM Sleep 329
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Sleep and Obsesity 329
Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness and Sleep 330
The Control of Wakefulness 330
The Initiation and Control of NREM Sleep 330
The Initiation and Control of REM Sleep 331
The Biochemistry of Wakefulness and Sleep 332
INTERIM SUMMARY 11.2 334
Sleep Disorders 334
Dyssomnias 334
Parasomnias 336
INTERIM SUMMARY 11.3 338
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 339
12
Learning and Memory 340
Learning 341
Types of Learning 341
Using Invertebrates to Study Learning 342
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? The Cost of Learning
347
Classical Conditioning in Vertebrates 348
INTERIM SUMMARY 12.1 352
Memory 352
Types of Memory 352
Brain Mechanisms in Memory 354
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Can We Make Ourselves Smarter?
361
Biochemical Factors in Long-Term Memory 366
The Effects of Stress on Memory 368
Aging and Memory 370
NEW DIRECTIONS Can We Prevent Age-Related Memory Loss?
371
INTERIM SUMMARY 12.2 372
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 373
13
Lateralization, Language,
and Intelligence 374
Lateralization of Function 376
Hemispherectomy 376
The Split Brain 377
The Development of Lateralization 379
Implications of Hemispheric Asymmetry for Behavior 380
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Why Do We Have a Preferred Hand?
381
INTERIM SUMMARY 13.1 384
Language 384
The Origins of Language 384
NEW DIRECTIONS Lateralization, Language, and
Schizophrenia
386
Are Nonhuman Animals Capable of Real Language? 387
Multilingualism 388
American Sign Language 389
Communication Disorders and Brain Mechanisms for
Language 389
Paul Broca and Patient Tan 389
Aphasias 390
Disorders of Reading and Writing 393
Stuttering 396
INTERIM SUMMARY 13.2 396
Intelligence 397
Assessing Intelligence 397
General or Specific Abilities 397
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Enhancing Intellect
398
Intelligence and Genetics 398
Biological Correlates of Intelligence 399
INTERIM SUMMARY 13.3 400
Chapter Review • Thought Questions 400
Key Terms 401
14
Emotion, Reward,
Aggression, and Stress 402
Emotion 403
The Evolution of Emotion 403
Expression and Recognition of Emotion 403
Theories of Emotion 408
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Anger Management
411
Biological Correlates of Emotion 413
NEW DIRECTIONS Recognition of Facial Expression and
Psychopathology 416
INTERIM SUMMARY 14.1 418
Pleasure and Reward 419
The Mesolimbic System 419
Reward, Decision-Making, and the Cortex 420
Aggression and Violence 421
Genetics and Aggression 421
Brain Structures and Aggression 421
Biochemistry and Aggression 423
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Brain Damage and the Criminal
Justice System 423
Stress 425
Hans Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome 425
Physical and Psychological Responses to Stress 426
Stress, the Immune System, and Health 427
INTERIM SUMMARY 14.2 428
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
terms 429
15
Neurological Disorders
430
Brain Damage 431
Stroke 431
Head Injuries 433
Brain Tumors 434
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Athletes and Post-Concussive
Syndrome:
When Is It Safe to Play?
435
Seizures and Epilepsy 436
INTERIM SUMMARY 15.1 439
Multiple Sclerosis 439
Brain Infections 440
Parasites 440
Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Infections 441
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) 443
Migraine 447
INTERIM SUMMARY 15.2 448
Assessment of Neurological Disorders 449
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? What Is a Neuropsychologist? 450
Recovery from Damage 451
Therapy for Brain Damage 452
Rehabilitation 452
NEW DIRECTIONS Using Virtual Reality (VR) for
Rehabilitation Following Brain Injury
453
Pharmacological Therapies 453
Neural Tissue Transplants 453
INTERIM SUMMARY 15.3 454
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 455
16
Psychological Disorders
456
Schizophrenia 457
Genetics of Schizophrenia 458
Environmental Contributions to Schizophrenia 460
Brain Structure and Function in Schizophrenia 460
Biochemistry of Schizophrenia 462
Treatment of Schizophrenia 464
INTERIM SUMMARY 16.1 466
Mood Disorders 466
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 466
Bipolar Disorder 471
INTERIM SUMMARY 16.2 473
Anxiety Disorders 473
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 474
Panic Disorder 475
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 475
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Understanding Self-Injury 476
Autism 476
Causes of Autism 477
Brain Structure and Function in Autism 477
Biochemistry and Treatment of Autism 478
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 478
Genetics of ADHD 478
Brain Structure and Function in ADHD 479
Biochemistry and Treatment of ADHD 479
WHY DOES THIS MATTER? Are There “Steroids” for the Mind?
480
Antisocial Personality Disorder 480
Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder 480
Brain Structure and Function in Antisocial Personality
Disorder 481
Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder 482
NEW DIRECTIONS Epigenetics and Psychopathology 482
INTERIM SUMMARY 16.3 483
Chapter Review • Thought Questions • Key
Terms 483
Reference R-1
Name Index I-1
Subject Index
I-10
Laura
laura@laurafreberg.com
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